His front time was 1.7 microseconds. It was outside the standard tolerance. The rise was too slow. The generator wasn't charging the front capacitors fast enough, or there was stray inductance in the grounding circuit.
Elias spent hours probing circuits, checking connections, and staring at the oscilloscope until the green traces burned into his retinas. Nothing was physically broken. The voltage was there, but the shape was wrong. In high-voltage engineering, shape was everything. A voltage spike that rose too fast or fell too slow didn't represent a lightning strike; it represented a lab error. iec 60060-1 pdf
He scrolled past the definitions, looking for the diagrams. There it was: Figure 3. The ideal curve. The "Double Exponential" wave. His front time was 1
IEC 60060-1:2013 emphasizes the importance of safety during high-voltage testing and provides guidelines for: The generator wasn't charging the front capacitors fast