Distance A to B = 1200 NM. TAS = 450 kt. Wind = 270/50. Track = 360°. Fuel flow = 3000 kg/h. Taxi = 200 kg. Contingency = 5%. Alternate fuel = 800 kg. Final reserve = 30 min. Calculate minimum ramp fuel .

A) Fuel required to fly from destination to alternate.B) Fuel for of holding at

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| Rule | Value | |-------|-------| | 1 hour in decimal | 0.1667 hr per 10 min | | GS calculation | GS = TAS ± (wind × cos angle) | | PNR formula (time) | ( t = \fracF \times GS_\textbackGS_\textout + GS_\textback ) (F = fuel time) | | EASA Final Reserve | 30 min holding | | FAA Final Reserve IFR | 45 min at normal cruise | | Contingency (standard) | 5% of trip fuel | | Density altitude effect | ↑ Temp, ↑ TAS, ↑ fuel flow |